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The Annotation Data Model
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| annotationdatamodel |
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| annotationdatamodel |
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What are annotations?
Annotations (in the Europeana context) are user-contributed or software-generated enhancements to (a selection of) metadata or content resource. The Annotations API adopted the Web Annotation Data Model (WADM) as a base model for representing and exchanging annotations between client applications and the API. The WADM is a W3C recommendation that describes a model and format to share annotations across different platforms.
Please note that, even though we have adopted WADM as underlying data model for this API, it is not expected that we support the full extent of the model. We thus advise to look at the EDM Annotations Profile which describes the basics of our implementation and, in particular, the section on Annotation Scenarios for a comprehensive list of the different kinds of annotations that we support.
Basics of the model
In WADM, an annotation is essentially a reified relation between two or more resources, typically a body and a target, and conveys that the body reflects what is intended to be said about the target. A body can also be absent to describe situations where a target is simply bookmarked. A target can represent a resource or just a part of it that is being annotated.
Being reified as a class enables an annotation to be further described with a motivation which expresses the reason why the annotation was created but also some provenance information such as the user that created the annotation and the software application that was used, as well as the times when it was initially created and sent to the API.
Expand |
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title | The following fields are used to describe an Annotation resource in JSON-LD |
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Field | Datatype | Description |
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Annotation | @context | String (URL) | The URL of the JSON-LD context. (always with value "http://www.w3.org/ns/anno.jsonld") | id | String (URI) | The identifier of the Annotation. It is automatically generated upon creation. | type | String | The type of the resource. Always set to "Annotation". | created | String (DateTime) | The time at which the Annotation was created by the client application. It is expressed in ISO8601 format with a timezone specified. | creator | Object (Agent) | The agent responsible for creating the Annotation. This may be either a human or software agent and is always determined by the user information present in the JWT token used upon creation. | generated | String (DateTime) | The time at which the annotation was sent to the server. It is expressed in ISO8601 format with a timezone specified. | generator | Object (Software) | The agent responsible for generating the Annotation. The client application used to submit the annotation to the server and is always determined by the client information present in the JWT token used upon creation. | motivation | String | Expresses the reason why the annotation was created. Depending on the application scenario, the value can one of the following: "tagging", "linking", "describing", “highlighting“, “transcribing“, “translating“, “captioning“, “subtitling“, “linkForContributing“ | body | String or Object (Semantic Resource or Textual Body) | A body conveying what is intended to be said about the target. If the value is provided as a string, then it is interpreted as the URI and must only be used for the semantic tagging scenario. See the application scenarios section for more information. | bodyValue | String | A string conveying the tag text. This field must only be used in combination with "tagging" as motivation and when the language of the tag is not known. Otherwise, it is recommended to use the body field as defined in the Application Scenarios section. | target | String, Array (String), Media Resource or Array (Media Resource) | The URL of the resource that is being annotated, or a specific resource in the case of media annotations. An array of URLs may also be set (mostly used for the object linking). | User Agent | A user agent typically responsible for creating the annotation. | id | String | The unique identifier of the user. This identififer is obained from the JWT token used upon creation. | type | String | The type of the resource. Always set to "Person". | Software Agent | A client application or software typically responsible for generating the annotation on behalf of the user. A software can also create annotations if they result from an automatic process. | id | String | The identifier of the client application. This identififer is obained from the JWT token used upon creation. | type | String | The type of the resource. Always set to "Software". | Semantic Resource | A Semantic Resource is used whenever an external resource needs to be referenced as the body of the annotation. It is mostly used for Semantic Tagging. | type | String | Always "SpecificResource". | source | String (URI) | The URI of the resource being referred as body. | language | String (ISO639) | The ISO639 language code corresponding to the language of the resource. | Media Resource | Annotations that refer to a media resource require that an oa:SpecificResource object is defined so that the context in which the annotation was made is captured by the annotation. Besides context, a Specific Resource can be used to capture any additional information about how a target is used in the Annotation. The following table lists the properties supported by this class. | type | String | Always "SpecificResource". | source | String (URL) | The URL that identifies the media resource which is the ultimate target of the annotation. | scope | String (URI) | The unique identifier of the Europeana item to which this media resource is associated. In more general terms, scope is used to define the context in which the annotation was made, in terms of the resources that the annotator was viewing or using at the time. |
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Expand |
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title | Example of the annotation model |
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SHOW A DYNAMIC EXAMPLE |
Application Scenarios
Because annotations are a very flexible construct, in theory, any kind of information could be represented as an annotation. However, to guarantee consistency of the annotations and their proper display or reuse, a range of “use cases” for annotations were identified, modelled and implemented which we call application scenarios. This list can grow as new and relevant use cases are identified and proposed for adoption.
This section explains all the application scenarios that are presently supported with examples on how they are represented in the API.
The examples used in this Section are shortened versions of the Annotation Model which exclude administrative fields such as created, creator, generated, generator, you can find an example of a complete Annotation Data Model implementation here.
1.
Simple tags Tagging (without language)
A simple tag is a short textual label for a resource. It can be used to e.g. classify or name a resource. This scenario only applies when the language of the tag is not known, otherwise see the scenario described in the next Section.
Annotation |
motivation
| tagging
|
bodyValue
| The short text of the tag. It typically contains a single word or expression |
target
| The URL of the Item |
Expand |
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title | Example: tagging a An Europeana item tagged with the word "painting". |
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Code Block |
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{
"motivation": "tagging",
"bodyValue": "painting",
"target": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/92062/BibliographicResource_1000126189360"
} |
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2.
Simple tags Tagging (with language)
A simple language tag is a short textual description of label for a resource that is qualified with a language. Similarly as the previous scenario, language qualified tags can be used to name or classify a resource.
Examples:churchblueblack and whiteRequirement: | A maximum of 64 characters is allowed for a simple tag. A tag cannot be a URL and the language information must be specified. |
In the API: | Set the "motivation" to "tagging" and set the tag within the "body" field as a Textual Body. |
Availability: | Since version 0.2.1. |
Expand |
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title | Example: tagging a Europeana item with the English word "painting" |
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Code Block |
{
"motivation": "tagging",
"body
| A TextualBody as the body of the annotation with the tag as the value of value field and the respective language indicated in language field |
target
| The URL of the Item |
Expand |
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title | Example: An Europeana item tagged with the English word "painting" |
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Code Block |
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{
"motivation": "tagging",
"body": {
"type": "TextualBody",
"value": "painting",
"language": "en"
},
"target": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/92062/BibliographicResource_1000126189360"
} |
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3. Semantic
tagstagging
An annotation of a CHO with a semantic tag. A semantic tag is a tag to a resource from a controlled vocabulary, making it machine-interpretable.
Example: | This object in Europeana is somehow related to France (http://sws.geonames.org/2988507). |
Requirement: | Any URI is accepted as semantic resource. In the future, it will be limited to a controlled list of acceptable domains. |
In the API: | Set the "motivation" to "tagging" and set as body the URI for the semantic resource taken from a contolled vocabulary. |
Availability: | Since version 0.2.1.(linked data) vocabulary such as VIAF or AAT. As any other tag, semantic tags are typically used to classify a resource with the benefit of bring extra information to the annotation as the result of being a linked data resource.
Annotation |
motivation
| tagging
|
body
| The URL of the semantic resource being used to tag the item |
target
| The URL of the Item |
Expand |
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title | Example: tagging a An Europeana item tagged with the a semantic resource for Paris from Geonames. |
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Code Block |
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{
"motivation": "tagging",
"body": "http://sws.geonames.org/2988507",
"target": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/09102/_UEDIN_214"
} |
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Object links
An object link is a relationship between two (Europeana) objects. This relationship can be any.
Example: | This object in Europeana is (in some way) similar to this object. |
Requirement: | An object link can only be made between two Europeana objects. |
In the API: | Set the "motivation" to "linking" and set as target an array containing the URIs of both objects. |
Availability: | Since version 0.2.1. |
4. Geospatial tagging witch coordinates
An annotation of a CHO with a location given in geospatial coordinates (latitude, longitude, and optionally altitude). In addition, there can be a label expressing the name or address of the location.
Annotation |
motivation
| tagging
|
body
| A resource of type Place that follows the EDM guidelines for Places. Some of the properties that may be present are: latitude , longitude , altitude , prefLabel or altLabel when appropriate. |
target
| The URL of the Item |
Expand |
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title | Example: linking two Europeana items together. |
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| Code Block |
{
"motivation": "linking",
"target": [
"http://data.europeana.eu/item/92062/BibliographicResource_1000126189360",
An Europeana item tagged with geospatial information |
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Code Block |
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{
"motivation": "tagging",
"body": {
"@context": "http://www.europeana.eu/schemas/context/entity.jsonld",
"type": "Place",
"prefLabel": {
"en": "A label for the location, e.g., an address or place name"
},
"lat": "48.85341",
"long": "2.3488"
},
"target": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/09102/_UEDIN_214"
} |
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5. Geospatial tagging with an address
An annotation of a CHO with a location given in geospatial coordinates (latitude, longitude, and optionally altitude). In addition, there can be a label expressing the name or address of the location.
Annotation |
motivation
| tagging
|
body
| A resource of type Place that follows the EDM guidelines for Places. Some of the properties that may be present are: latitude , longitude , altitude , prefLabel or altLabel when appropriate. |
target
| The URL of the Item |
Expand |
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title | Example: An Europeana item tagged with geospatial information |
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Code Block |
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{
"motivation": "tagging",
"body": {
"@context": "http://www.europeana.eu/schemas/context/entity.jsonld",
"type": "Place",
"prefLabel": {
"en": "A label for the location, e.g., an address or place name"
},
"lat": "48.85341",
"long": "2.3488"
},
"target": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/9206209102/BibliographicResource_UEDIN_1000126189361214"
]
} |
|
A geo-tag adds a geographical location to an itemObject links
Object links
An object link is a relationship between two (Europeana) objects. This relationship can be any.
was located at latitude 52.081131 and longitude 4.324053. . is (in some way) similar to this object. |
Requirement: | An object link can only be made between two Europeana objects. |
In the API: | Set the "motivation" to " |
tagging include the "type", "lat" and "long" attributes in the body as per the example belowset as target an array containing the URIs of both objects. |
Availability: | Since version 0.2. |
2 Expand |
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title | Example: tagging a Europeana item with a geographical locationlinking two Europeana items together. |
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Code Block |
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{
"motivation": "tagginglinking",
"bodytarget": {[
"@context": "http://www.europeana.eu/schemas/context/entity.jsonld",
"type": "Place",
"lat": "52.081131",
"long": "4.324053"
},
"target":data.europeana.eu/item/92062/BibliographicResource_1000126189360",
"http://data.europeana.eu/item/9203492062/GVNRC_NFA03_kop_6_3"
BibliographicResource_1000126189361"
]
} |
|
Annotating a media resource means that the target of the annotation is not the Europeana item but instead a specific media resource within that item.
In the API: | Set the "target" of the annotation to a JSON object with the "scope" holding the unique identifier of the Europeana item and the "source" field the URL of the actual media resource being annotated. |
Availability: | Since version 0.2.8. |
Expand |
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title | Example: tagging a sound track of an Europeana item with the simple tag "Folk Music". |
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Code Block |
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{
"motivation": "tagging",
"bodyValue": "Folk Music",
"target": {
"type": "SpecificResource",
"scope": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/2059207/data_sounds_T471_5",
"source": "http://comhaltasarchive.ie/tracks/12535"
}
} |
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Transcriptions
A transcription is typically an annotation expressing a relation between an image and the text that is represented on that image. Besides the text, the annotation can also refer to a page where the text is displayed, like in the example below.
In the API: | Set the "motivation" to "transcribing" and apply the same criteria as for media resources. |
Availability: | Since version 0.2.8. |
Expand |
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title | Example: annotating the image of an Europeana item with the transcription page available at Transcribathon. |
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Code Block |
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{
"motivation": "transcribing",
"body": {
"id": "https://europeana.transcribathon.eu/documents/story/item/?item=39378387",
"language": "de",
"format": "text/html"
},
"target": {
"scope": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/743/_nhp5sXg",
"source":
"https://glam.uni.wroc.pl/iiif/image-api/RKP_HAASE_371_62468_0001/full/full/0/default.jpg"
}
} |
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Getting Started
Access keys
While this API is in an Alpha state you will need to use a separate API key (other than for the main Europeana REST API) to start using it. You can use the following keys:
Environment | Details |
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Test | API key apidemo with user token tester1 (allows to create, update & remove annotations on behalf of a test user in the Annotations API test environment). |
Production | API key apidemo (allows to search and retrieve annotations in the Annotations API production (live) environment). |
Creating annotations in the production (live) environment is currently limited to only selected partners, this will be opened up as part of the Beta release.
Request
Every Annotations API call is an HTTP request in a specified format that is sent to the Annotations API service. The API root URLs for the two environments are located at:
https://test-annotations.europeana.eu/annotation (test)
https://www.europeana.eu/api/annotations (production)
Response
This API only supports the JSON-LD format, which is the Linked Open Data version of JSON (with the same syntax as JSON). The request and response format does not need to be passed along to the API, if not provided it will fallback to the default. You can provide the format either via the URL (extension) or via the "Accept" header. To specify the request and response format you can either do:
/search.jsonld?wskey=xxxxx&query=*:*
Or:
Request header: "Accept: application/ld+json"
/search?wskey=xxxxx&query=*:*
Retrieving annotations
Retrieve annotations by their identifier.
GET /{provider}/{identifier}
Response
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title | Example Response from the Read method in the Annotation API |
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Code Block |
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/ld+json
{
"@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/anno.jsonld",
"id": "http://data.europeana.eu/annotation/base/1",
"type": "Annotation",
"created": "2016-01-31T12:03:45Z",
"generated": "2016-01-31T12:04:00Z",
"generator": "http://www.europeana.eu",
"bodyValue": "Trombone",
"motivation": "tagging",
"target": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/09102/_UEDIN_214"
}
|
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See data model for more information on the representation of an annotation.
Discovery
Search for annotations.
GET /search
Request
Expand |
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title | Table of parameters that can be sent in an Annotation Search Request |
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Parameter | Datatype | Description |
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query | String | The search term(s), this is mandatory. | profile | String | The search profile which determines the extent of information returned as search result. Currently, two options are supported: "minimal" which returns only the identifier of the annotation; and "standard" (the default) which returns the annotation as it was sent to the API. | qf | String | Query filter, to search on specific fields. The list of fields is presented below. | facet | String | Includes a field to be used as facet in the response (see below which fields can be used as facets). More than one field can be added if separated by a space. | pageSize | Number | The number of records to return per page. For minimal profile, the maximum is 10.000 while for the standard profile is 100, with 10 as default for both profiles. | page | Number | The page of the search results, defaults to 0 (first page). | sort | String | Includes a field to be used for sorting. One of: created, generated or modified. | sortOrder | String | Order of sorting, either "asc" (ascending) or "desc" (descending). |
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Search and Facet fields
The following table shows the fields that can be used for searching annotations and the ones that can be used for faceting:
Expand |
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title | Table of search and facet fields for the Search method of the Annotations API |
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Field | Datatype | Used for Facetting | Description |
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motivation | keyword | yes | motivation of the Annotation | anno_uri | keyword | | complete identifier of an Annotation | anno_id | keyword | | local identifier of an Annotation (/<provider>/<identifier>) | generator_uri | keyword | yes | complete identifier of the generator | generator_name | keyword | yes | name of the generator | generated | date | | date on which the Annotation was first provided to the API | creator_uri | keyword | yes | complete identifier of the creator | creator_name | keyword | yes | name of the user that created the annotation | created | date | | date on which the Annotation was created by the annotation client application | modified | date | | date on which the Annotation was last modified | moderation_score | integer | yes | sum of all reports made to an Annotation by other users | text | text | | searches in all searchable text in an Annotation | body_value | text | yes | value within the body of an Annotation, applies to e.g. simple tagging | body_uri | keyword | yes | complete identifier of the resource within the body of an Annotation, applies to e.g. semantic tagging | target_uri | keyword | yes | complete identified of the target(s) of an Annotation | target_record_id | keyword | yes | local identifier of a record when the target is a record (/collectionId/objectId) | link_resource_uri | keyword | yes | complete identifier of the resource being linked to (ie. through the relation property) | link_relation | keyword | yes | property being used to link two resources. |
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Response
Expand |
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title | An example of a Response to a Search Request from the Annotations API |
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Code Block |
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{
"@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/anno.jsonld",
"id": "http://annotations.europeana.eu/annotation/search?wskey=xxxxx&query=*:*&page=0&pageSize=10",
"items": [
"http://data.europeana.eu/annotation/base/1",
"http://data.europeana.eu/annotation/base/2",
[..]
],
"next": "http://annotations.europeana.eu/annotation/search?wskey=xxxxx&query=*:*&page=1&pageSize=10",
"partOf": {
"id": "http://annotations.europeana.eu/annotation/search?wskey=xxxxx&query=*:*",
"total": 135610
},
"total": 10,
"type": "AnnotationPage"
} |
|
Expand |
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title | Example: Search for recently added tags: |
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/search?wskey=xxxxx&profile=minimal&query=*:*&qf=motivation:tagging&sort=created&sortOrder=desc
|
Expand |
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title | Example: Search for tags for Europeana record ID /92028/532E53363138382D2F290A40B3CA26B3889A6907: |
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/search?wskey=xxxxx&profile=minimal&query=target_id:"/92028/532E53363138382D2F290A40B3CA26B3889A6907"
|
Expand |
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title | Example: Don't show annotations which are reported by two or more different users: |
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/search?wskey=xxxxx&profile=minimal&query=*:*&qf=moderation_score:[-1 TO *]
Note that providing *:* as a search query means you will get all annotations. |
Provision
Using the PUT/POST/DELETE methods for this API is currently not publicly available.. You can request access to the write methods by emailing us with your use case.
Create
The API has a generic method available for the creation of annotations. The creation method expects a body payload in the request with the full annotation. Alternatively you can provide this information as part of the body parameter.
POST http://annotations.europeana.eu/annotation/
Request
Expand |
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title | Example Request for the Create method in the Annotation API |
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An example to create a simple tag: Code Block |
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POST http://annotations.europeana.eu/annotation/?wskey=YOUR_KEY&userToken=YOUR_TOKEN HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/ld+json
Content-Type: application/ld+json
Content-Length: 999
{
"motivation": "tagging",
"bodyValue": "Trombone",
"target": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/09102/_UEDIN_214"
} |
Note that the motivation for a simple and a semantic tag is always "tagging", whereas the motivation for object linking scenarios is "linking". |
Response
Expand |
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title | Example Response to a Create request in the Annotation API |
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Response to the example request: Code Block |
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Content-Type: application/ld+json
ETag: "_87e52ce126126"
Link: <http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#Resource>l; rel="type"
Allow: POST,GET,OPTIONS,HEAD
Vary: Accept
Content-Length: 999
{
"@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/anno.jsonld",
"id": "http://data.europeana.eu/annotation/base/1",
"type": "Annotation",
"created": "2016-01-31T12:03:45Z",
"creator": "http://data.europeana.eu/user/55376",
"generated": "2016-01-31T12:04:00Z",
"generator": "http://data.europeana.eu/provider/historypin",
"bodyValue": "Trombone",
"motivation": "tagging",
"target": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/09102/_UEDIN_214"
}
|
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For more examples and information on the data model for an annotation, see data model.
Update
Update the contents of an annotation. For this you can send a PUT request to the ID of the annotation. You can only update the annotations you have created yourself.
PUT /base/1
Request
You can provide the same content in the Update method as you’d provide for the Create method. Note that you have to provide the full annotation body, you currently cannot update parts of the annotation.
Expand |
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title | Example Request of the Update Method in the Annotation API |
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Code Block |
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PUT /base/1 HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/ld+json
{
"bodyValue": "Trombone",
"motivation": "tagging",
"target": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/09102/_UEDIN_214"
} |
|
Response
Expand |
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title | Example Response of the Update Method in the Annotation API |
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|
Code Block |
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/ld+json
{
"@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/anno.jsonld",
"id": "http://data.europeana.eu/annotation/base/1",
"type": "Annotation",
"created": "2016-01-31T12:03:45Z",
"generated": "2016-01-31T12:04:00Z",
"generator": "http://www.europeana.eu",
"bodyValue": "Trombone",
"motivation": "tagging",
"target": "http://data.europeana.eu/item/09102/_UEDIN_214"
} |
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Delete
Delete an annotation. You can send a DELETE HTTP request using the ID of the annotation. You can only delete the annotations you have created yourself. Deletion means the annotation will not be available anymore for search, and only available for retrieval based on the ID of the annotation.
DELETE /base/1
Request
Code Block |
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DELETE /collections/1 HTTP/1.1 |
Response
Code Block |
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HTTP/1.1 204 NO CONTENT
Content-Length: 0 |
Console
Swc macro |
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url | https://api.europeana.eu/console/docs/v3/annotation.json(temporarily removed the Swagger console because it has an issue causing a very high CPU load)
Roadmap and Changelog
The current version of the Annotations API is 0.3.3 (August 2022). It is currently available as a Public Alpha, which is the first public version released primarily to get feedback from you. Do note that this means that changes can be introduced which could break backwards compatibility. It also means that to use this API you need a separate API key than for the other Europeana APIs. To see the changes made for the current version and also all previous releases, see the API changelog in the project GitHub.
Credits
This API was initially developed as part of the Europeana Sounds project. It's development has been carried out by the AIT Austrian Institute of Technology in cooperation with the Europeana Foundation.