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In some contexts use means e.g. using an image in teaching, whereas reuse would mean making a new dataset with that image and other images. In the Europeana definition we also include use of this kind as reuse (making use of an object).

Defining reuse

Engagement from simple to complex

Use

Reuse

Examples

Metrics

B2C (enable) metrics trackable via Europeana.eu website

B2B (participate) metrics trackable via Europeana activities

B2M (lead) metrics trackable via Europeana activities

Metrics for the sector or to track beyond Europeana.eu and EF (these bolster main activities)

Access as to come into contact with a digital object

X

Seeing the object, e.g. as part of a blog, web page, or search results

No. of objects available on Europeana.eu

No. of objects available online across the sector

Consumption as to view, read, listen, or expose to the intellectual content of a digital object

X

Viewing an object, clicking on the object, watching a video or listening to a track.

Item pageviews

Item media clicks/clickthroughs

Reformatting as to change the medium or delivery of a digital object without changing the content

X

X (Fiona suggestion based on our definition of reuse

Downloading an object, printing an object. (I would argue this is reuse tbh - it is changing the state of the object)

Item downloads (caveat we can only scratch the surface here due to IIIF streaming etc)

Sharing as to expose others to the intellectual content of a digital object by distributing a means of display or access, such as a link or DOI

X*

X*

Sharing an object on social media, via email, citing the object in a work (academic or otherwise), using the work statically within a wider piece (such as a background in a movie or poster)

Items shared (clicks of the share button - caveat only a partial measure, some untrackable)

Items liked (engaged with)

Citations of Europeana in books etc (e.g. single works with a Europeana citation - look at citation engines)

Reproducibility as to draw upon a digital object or dataset to validate or verify a previous study’s methods and/or results

X (A little dubious as a concept)

Using data/objects to check existing conclusions based on that data. I.e. looking up an image to check interpretation of iconography in a scholarly work

Enhancement as to add functionality or accessibility to a digital object

X

Adding annotations, cleaning up, or improving a digital object. Communicating the results of the above reproducibility actions.

Annotating an item

Recontextualization as to alter the surroundings or space that affect the meaning, purpose, or intent of a digital object

X*

X*

Making a new dataset, such a gallery on Europeana, Pinterest, using images in teaching (lectures) or educational resources. Enhancements actions but with context (i.e. checking the results of something, then writing this up, and recontextualising it)

Adding

No. of items added to a user gallery

Items

No. of items used in supported projects or apps (built with bits etc)

Items used in our own blogs

No. of items featured in Europeana’s editorial content

No of items available on other aggregator platforms (Pinterest, wikimedia etc)

Transformation as to change or alter a digital object substantially, resulting in a new, distinct entity, including, but not limited to recreations, versions, and mashups

X

Gif it up! Making things with an existing image, such as new artworks.



No. of reuse projects using Europeana’s reuse label

No. of experiences Europeana creates for users to directly reuse CHI content (thinking web-based game or similar)

No.

Items reused in GIF it up

Participants in GIF it up

Participants in Digital Storytelling festival

Items reused in digital Storytelling Festival

of reuse events Europeana facilitates

No. of reuse projects funded via Europeana

No. of participants taking part in Europeana’s reuse activities

No. of CHIs whose items were reused in Europeana’s reuse activities

Items reused in Europeana’s reuse activities

Track use of items on creative sites (e.g. etsy, 3D printing sites etc)

General reuse tracking measures (regardless of the specifics)

A user, organisation or other entity reports having used or reused items from Europeana.eu

Track reuse through pop up user survey asking if items were reused (KPI = percentage of respondents who report reuse)

Gather other examples of reuse from e.g. workshops etc

Table taken from reuse indicators report and following article: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/DLP-06-2021-0044/full/html

Metrics show how we enable, participate and lead

Data sources:

Other data: